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Taiwanese linguist saving Kanakanavu language that helped give birth to languages spoken by 400 million people
Her eyes lit bright with concentration, Taiwanese linguist Sung Li-may leans in expectantly as one of the planet’s last 10 speakers of the Kanakanavu language shares his hopes for the future.
“I am already very old,” says 80-year-old Mu’u Ka’angena, a leathery faced man with a tough, sinewy body and deeply veined hands. A light rain falls onto the thatched roof of the communal bamboo hut, and smoke from a dying fire drifts lazily up the walls, wafting over deer antlers, boar jawbones and ceremonial swords that decorate the interior like trophies from a forgotten time.
“Every day I think: Can our language be passed down to the next generation? It is the deepest wish in my heart that it can be.”
Kanakanavu, Sung says, has a lot more going for it than just its intrinsic value. It belongs to the same language family that experts believe spread from Taiwan 4,000 years ago, giving birth to languages spoken today by 400 million people in an arc extending from Easter Island off South America to the African island of Madagascar.
“Taiwan is where it all starts,” says archaeologist Peter Bellwood, who with linguist Robert Blust developed the now widely accepted theory that people from Taiwan leveraged superior navigation skills to spread their Austronesian language far and wide. At least four of Taiwan’s 14 government-recognized aboriginal languages are still spoken by thousands of people, but a race is on to save the others from extinction. The youngest good speaker of Kanakanavu, also known as Southern Tsou, is 60, and the next youngest is 73.
“To survive a language has to be spoken,” Sung said. “And with this one it isn’t happening.”
It’s a story repeated in the remote corners of the earth, as younger generations look to the dominant language for economic survival and advancement, whether it be English or, in Taiwan’s case, Chinese. Aboriginals account for only 2 percent of the Taiwanese population of 23 million. Many young people are leaving Dakanua, a picturesque village in the south that is home to the Kanakanavu language, to work in the island’s cities.
Sung is clearly revered by Dakanua’s tiny cadre of Kanakanavu speakers, who are happy to spend long hours going over their language with her and a small group of graduate students she brings to the village from National Taiwan University in Taipei.
On a recent Saturday afternoon, they sat outside a well-ordered cluster of whitewashed concrete buildings, painstakingly documenting the proper use of the imperative and the grammatical subtleties of concepts like “it could be that” or “it is possible that.” In the background the bamboo and palm tree covered contours of Mt. Anguana protruded through a moving blanket of fog and mist, and a thin rain fell in the Nanzixian River valley below.
Life here is defined by farming, a reverent belief in Christianity — Presbyterian and Roman Catholic missionaries converted almost two-thirds of the aboriginal population in the 1930s and 40s — and chronic concern about the harsh elements. Five hundred residents in the nearby village of Hsiao Lin Tsuen were buried alive 3 1/2 years ago when torrential rains unleashed by a typhoon sent thousands of tons of mud cascading down onto their homes.
Sung started working with aboriginal languages almost by accident. After returning to Taiwan in 1994 as a newly minted doctor of linguistics from the University of Illinois, her department head at National Taiwan University pushed her into the discipline, insisting that Taiwan’s majority Chinese population had to understand more about its aboriginal minority.
“At first I was intimidated,” says Sung, now the director of the university’s Graduate Institute of Linguistics, one of a handful of Taiwanese bodies seeking the preservation of the aboriginal languages as part of a wide-ranging effort funded by the government. “I had no idea of how to carry out my field work among the aboriginals. But over time I got used to it. And I learned the importance of Taiwanese aboriginal languages in the overall scheme of Austronesian dispersion.”
The deep rooted linguistic seeds the dispersal sowed have now morphed into dozens of languages — Malay for example, and the Philippines’ Tagalog — that make Austronesian one of the largest language groups in the world.
The dispersion is illustrated by the similarities of the words for “ear.” What linguists call the proto-form — the Taiwanese basis from thousands of years ago — is usually rendered as “galinga.” In modern Taiwanese aboriginal dialects that becomes “calinga,” while in the Philippines it’s “tenga,” in Fiji “dalinga,” in Samoa “talinga,” and in Papua New Guinea “taringa.” Taiwanese aboriginals traveling to New Zealand, for example, are struck by the close relationship of their own languages to Maori, particularly when they hear the local version of numbers.
Sung’s most recent project was collating a Chinese-English dictionary for the Seediq language spoken by the tribe of Taiwanese mountain dwellers memorialized in “Warriors of the Rainbow: Seediq Bale,” a 2011 film recounting their rebellion against Japanese occupiers in the 1930s. Last February she began her work with Kanakanavu, hoping she can preserve the language before the last speakers die out.
The odds against her are long. Even many 40- and 50-year olds are incapable of mouthing anything more than a few simple phrases in their native tongue.
Still, frolicking on the neatly cut lawn of Dakanua’s deserted bed and breakfast is a three-year old girl with a runny nose, an infectious smile and a lovely lilt to her voice.
The odds against her are long. Even many 40- and 50-year olds are incapable of mouthing anything more than a few simple phrases in their native tongue.
Still, frolicking on the neatly cut lawn of Dakanua’s deserted bed and breakfast is a three-year old girl with a runny nose, an infectious smile and a lovely lilt to her voice.
She is the granddaughter of Mu’u Ka’angena, the man with the leathery skin, and just within earshot she begins conversing with him in very simple Kanakanavu.
“Did you hear that?” Sung asks. “Isn’t it wonderful? She’s our hope for the future.”
If it weren’t for Kanakanavu, Tagalog (my language) wouldn’t exist.
I wish to do something like this one day. :)
(via asianhistory)
Reblog and respond.
Will be sharing responses.
Trigger warning: discussion of rape culture and sexual assault in the notes.
Now that I have a car, I love driving pretty much everywhere I go. A lot of the time, I just drive to certain places alone. Especially in the downtown part of KCMO.
My mother and her friends always worry that I will garner unwanted attention and tell me to take someone with me whenever I plan to go somewhere.
I dislike it but I usually do as they say and ask someone to go with me whenever I go out.
I can’t even go out in public and have some time to myself without the fear that some psycho will see and rape me just because 1) I’m a woman and 2) I’m alone.
There was a sexual assault on one of our college campuses last semester, but I haven’t heard much news about that. In fact, they made it seemed like it never happened. I don’t even know if they caught the person who made the assault but now I’m wary about where I go on campus now. I should not have to feel like I’m not safe at school.
Small impact but it shows itself to me, nonetheless.
tumblrbot asked: WHAT IS YOUR EARLIEST HUMAN MEMORY?
Seeing my little sister in her cradle after my parents brought her home from the hospital. I was finally a big sister.
Today, my ASL friend asked me to help her out.
Her father owns a shooting range and a local news station was doing a story on it. My friend I guess needed someone to talk to the news people so I went with her. As it turned out, her father asked me if I wanted to shoot a few rounds.
I said yes, of course.
This was my first time going to a shooting range… ever. I could feel the excitement, the anxiety, the adrenaline pumping through me as I began loading the magazine for a .22. I honestly had no idea what to feel until I had the gun in my hands.
I learned four things
First, do not put your finger on the trigger until you are ready to shoot. Second, cock the gun so that the bullet will go through the chamber. Third, turn off the safety. Fourth, lean forward slightly and hold the gun out in front of you and…. BAM! BAM! BAM!
The first ten rounds. Cease fire. Range is cold. Step forward and check out the damage.
I was surprised by what I had done. My first ten rounds, I had managed to hit my target dead center, in the head, and twice off the intended target.
Twenty rounds later, I found that I had only missed the target a grand total of five times. It was an exhilarating experience as well as an enlightenment on the power that came with a gun. I did not know whether to be wary or to be proud.
Here is where the actual news comes in.
Missouri legislators are thinking about passing legislation that will permit teachers and administrators to carry concealed weapons in schools. My friend’s dad is offering a discount to teachers who want to learn how to shoot and, lately, many teachers have been calling in to arrange shooting lessons.
Gun control is still a rather controversial topic and it seems like a rash decision that teachers in my area are beginning to resort to gun handling lessons but in light of the events that transpired during the Sandy Hook incident, I can see some of the rationale behind it.
Sandy Hook has stirred up mixed feelings about what should be done to prevent incidents like this one, Columbine, Virginia Tech, and the Aurora Cinema Massacre. Should more gun control be exerted? Should citizens be allowed to carry guns so that they can stop the people who carry out the violence?
In schools, the safety of the students is the most important thing in the world besides their education. They should be secure in knowing that what happened at Sandy Hook and Columbine will not happen at their school. Does this mean that teachers and administrators should, indeed, have the right to bear arms on a school campus?
My opinion, as it was in the video is that, if teachers are capable of protecting their students then they should be allowed to carry a concealed weapon. They would still need the permit to carry and I think there should be a psych analysis to check the mental stability of the teacher wielding the gun. It’s an idea worth exploring, at least.
What do you guys think?
